This might not be the solution you’re looking for, but consider using a link (how to do this is in a previous support question) wrapped around the image and point to the same page you’re on; that way, the page refreshes and a new random image is displayed.
@fishqt,
This isn’t something that the plugin does currently. This also wouldn’t be a trivial feature to add. The suggestion that @natesirrah made would work just fine, except that there is a possibility that the same image could be randomly selected.
The issues with the feature you mention is that you would have to have a way to keep track of images the user has already seen so you don’t repeat an image until all of the images have been viewed. At this rate, a slider might be a better fit. Although, you do make a great point… it would be nice to have the ability to load a single image that acts to some degree like a slider, but that doesn’t load a bunch of images on the page at once. However, another issue with this is that users may not know to click on the image, therefore making this cool feature something that would be virtually unused.