Form fields are not rendering

Dear support team,

I’m having issues with User Profile Builder form fields not rendering on our website. We tried disabling non-essential plugins and the issue persists. Debug logging does not show anything related to the plugin.

The issue is also visible on https://reviewsbysupersven.com/register page.

There are no browser console logs, and upon inspection of the page elements, form fields and buttons are missing. The only field that works is the text-field (for detailed description about the user).

Thanks!

The page I need help with: [log in to see the link]