The wp_list_categories() should display all categories all the time regardless of the current page/post. Could you copy / paste the code you’re using for wp_list_categories()?
My code
<?php include('header.php'); ?>
<div class="banner">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<h2>Acompanhe todas as noticias</h2>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<img />/image.jpg" alt="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section class="single">
<div class="submenu">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<nav>
<?php wp_list_categories();?>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="breadcrumb">
<?php get_breadcrumb();?>
</div>
<?php if ( have_posts() ) : ?>
<?php while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?>
<?php the_title('<h3>','</h3>');?>
<?php the_post_thumbnail('single_posts', ['class' => 'svg-clippedsingle']);?>
<?php echo
'<svg>
<defs>
<clipPath id="svgsingle">
<path fill="#000" d="M0,0v167.373v0.376v277.923h1099.867c20.564,0,34.156-15.344,36.887-37.82l0.055-0.925V0H0z"/>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg>'
;
?>
<?php the_content();?>
<?php endwhile; ?>
<?php endif; ?>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div class="posts">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<?php
$args = array(
'cat' => 1,
'post_per_page' => 2
);
$the_query = new WP_Query( $args ); ?>
<?php if ( $the_query->have_posts() ) : ?>
<?php while ( $the_query->have_posts() ) : $the_query->the_post(); ?>
<div class="row notices">
<div class="col-lg-5">
<?php the_post_thumbnail('posts_anteriores', ['class' => 'svg-clipped img-responsive']);?>
<svg>
<defs>
<clipPath id="svgPath">
<path fill="none" d="M0,0v103.822v0.377v37.82h322.058c20.564,0,34.156-15.346,36.887-37.82h0.055V0H0z"/>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5">
<?php the_title('<h3>','</h3>');?>
<a>" title="<?php the_title_attribute();?>" class="btnsimple">Leia Mais</a>
</div>
</div>
<?php endwhile; ?>
<?php wp_reset_postdata(); ?>
<?php else : ?>
<p><?php esc_html_e( 'Sorry, no posts matched your criteria.' ); ?></p>
<?php endif; ?>
<div class="col-lg-12">
<hr>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section class="projetos">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4">
<a href="">
<img />/images/banner-influenza.png" class="bninfluenzap">
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-8 text-center brand">
<h3>Conheça os projetos de apoio à exportação de proteínas brasileiras</h3>
<a href="http://www.brazilianpork.com.br/en" title="Brazilian Pork">
<img />/images/logotipo-brazilian-pork.svg" alt="Brazilian Pork" class="img-responsive">
</a>
<a href="http://" title="Brazilian Chicken">
<img />/images/logotipo-brazilian-chicken.svg" alt="Brazilian Chicken" class="img-responsive">
</a>
<a href="http://" title="Brazilian Egg">
<img />/images/logotipo-brazilian-egg.svg" alt="Brazilian Egg" class="img-responsive">
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<?php include('footer.php');?>
When I use your template code, I get all categories listed. Are you sure you are seeing output from this template? If you add “Hello world!” to the template, does it show up on a single post page?
It’s possible for other code to alter what wp_list_categories() does. Try deactivating all plugins. Do you get all categories now? If so, one of those plugins was altering the function. If not, your theme is altering output for some reason.