How to Create a Recurring "Column"

Hi all,

Site is http://rejectpile.com running Make child theme.

It’s a literary journal-type publication, and I’d like to be able to add recurring weekly/monthly columns. To be clear, I’m not talking about the design or displaying things in columns on the page, but rather having ongoing segments/sections.

Right now the “columns” listed in the right sidebar are actually just categories. This isn’t ideal because I’d like to be able to display the recurring articles a bit differently than one-off articles.

Specifically, I’d like to organize each individual post page in a column something like this (to use an existing example):

[column name] Lists

[column description]This recurring column contains funny lists.

[post title] A Funny List
by [author]

[post content]

Additionally, I’d like:

1. to include the same “column description” on the column archive page
2. on the main blog page, when a new article is posted in a column, to append some version of the “column name” before the “post tile.” Something like “List: A Funny List”
3. for this system/solution to be replicable, to be able to add various columns in the future

Here are examples of the basic structure I’m going for:
Individual Column Post
Column Archive

A MILLION thank yous in advance to anyone who can provide any suggestions or point me down the right path.