LiteSpeed Cache breaks galleries

Hello, for some reason LiteSpeed Cache v.7.8 breaks the galleries. I have code rendering

","link_href":"https:\/\/www.li-an.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/illustration-43-henry-raleigh-couv.jpg","link_target":"_self","link_rel":null,"attributes":{"data-mgl-id":"52671","data-mgl-width":"719","data-mgl-height":"950"},"orientation":"i"},{"caption":"","meta":{"width":1400,"height":919,"file":"2026\/02\/illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02.jpg","filesize":248877,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-450x295.jpg","width":450,"height":295,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":29639},"thumbnail":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-335x220.jpg","width":335,"height":220,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":17948},"medium_large":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-768x504.jpg","width":768,"height":504,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":74443},"woocommerce_archive_thumbnail":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-300x197.jpg","width":300,"height":197,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":15149},"woocommerce_thumbnail":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-300x197.jpg","width":300,"height":197,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":15149,"uncropped":true},"woocommerce_single":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-600x394.jpg","width":600,"height":394,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":48932},"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-100x100.jpg","width":100,"height":100,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":3727},"crp_thumbnail":{"file":"illustration-43-henry-raleigh-02-150x98.jpg","width":150,"height":98,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":5011}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"Expression10000","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1771803046","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1","keywords":[]}},"id":"52672","img_html":"","link_href":"https:\/\/www.li-an.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/illustration-43-henry-raleigh-