Hit Tobias,
first of all, sorry for posting in german!
for me it seems as the problem was caused by another plugin (asa), which embeds Amazon products into posts. I used the shortcodes of that plugin within the table. When i removed it, no failures occured any more.
I tried if the extended shortcode you provided could solve the problem, and … YES, seems like it works proper!
Thank you very much for the fast support!!!!