Great, thanks so much George!
That looks like the “hide backend” function in the iThemes Security Pro plugin which I’m using, but I haven’t enabled that feature and I can see it is still turned off.
https://help.ithemes.com/hc/en-us/articles/229240588-iThemes-Security-Hide-Backend
Upon further investigation I noticed that the most recent version v7.1.0, released on 2022-01-31, had a bug fix regarding Passwordless Login. I’ve now disabled that function which was turned on by default, and it now seems to be working normally! Whew…
Thanks for your help Vytis in getting this sorted!