mwrmwr

I fixed it by editing the footer.php file, I accessed that file as follows:
Appearance > Theme Editor > Theme Files > footer.php

Thanks! As you described, I found it under SEO/Yoast and changed it as desired.

I did check Settings > General and it’s also empty there. Please explain more about how to access/change the header.php file.

Thanks. I edited my post and removed the second part (text under the page name). Because I fixed that by deleting the page and then adding it again as a new page.
I’d like to add that custom CSS code you mentioned to center the single entry. I have the CSS to move an item to the right, but I can’t find a way/place to put it so it worked on that automagically left-aligned item. I will contact ThemeGrill support.

Oops, now that page displays:

This is the default server vhost
This site’s domain name is either not yet pointed or is still propagating. Propagation may take up to 72 hours. Please check back later.

I did Appearance > Customize but then didn’t see “Footer”. Here’s a screenshot of what I saw.

Thanks, Optimizing Matters. I found that setting in WP Rocket and disabled it. Now LazyLoad is not enabled for any page.

I didn’t find LazyLoad under Autoptimize. Then I went to the Home page, clicked edit, and on the right side found “WP Rocket Options: LazyLoad for images”. I de-activated it there. Lo and behold, the problem disappeared and all images on that page now appear on my phone! Thanks to everyone who contributed here! You’re amazing.