After I updated to the new version the problem was not resolved.
When I inspect the element where the image is supposed to be, I get an img tag with src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E", which is a 150×150 transparent image.
The data-lazy-src attribute points to the correct image.
Thanks for getting back with me. I’ll be on the lookout for that update.
Any advice on what to do in the meantime? Are there any workarounds that have worked for other users?